Medicalcafe

Keloid Definition A keloid is defined as excessive scar tissue that extends beyond the boundaries of  original incision or wound.  Causes of keloid Increased level of growth factors Deeply pigmented skin Hereditary Certain areas of body-triangle found by xiphisternum and two shoulder tips.  Histopathology Excessive collagen with hypervascularity Treatment Pressure with help of local moulds or elasticated garments Silicone gel sheeting Intralesional steroid injection of triamcinolone Excision and steroid injection Excision and post op radiation Intralesional excision Laser Vitamin E Palm oil massage

Headache Origin of headache:  Stimulation of peripheral nocioreceptors due to tissue injury Damage of pain producing pathways of peripheral or central nervous system.  COMMON CAUSES of HEADACHE Primary Headache         Secondary Headache  Tension-type                    Systemic infection Migraine                            Head injury Idiopathic stabbing        Vascular disorders Exertions                          Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Cluster                               Brain tumour Pain producing cranial structures: Scalp, Middle meningeal artery, Dural sinuses, Falx cerebri, Proximal segments of large pial arteries.  Headache is of two types:  Primary Headache Definition:Here, headache and it's associated features are disorder in itself(without any exogenous cause) .  Structures involved Large intracranial vessels and dura matter Peripheral terminal of trigeminal nerve innervating these structures Caudal portion of trigeminal ner

Approach to a case of chest pain Initial diagnostic assessment and triage is made around three categories: - a) Myocardial Infarction b) Cardiopulmonary causes                          1) Pericardial diseases                          2)Aortic emergencies                         3) Pulmonary conditions c) Non cardiopulmonary causes Most common cause- Gastrointestinal diseases Causes of chest discomfort Gastrointestinal (oesophageal reflux, oesophageal spasm, peptic ulcer disease)   Ischemic heart disease  Chest wall syndrome  Pericarditis   Pleuritis   Pulmonary embolism   Lung cancer   Aortic aneurysm   Aortic stenosis   Herpes zoster   Costrochondritis Cervical rib Trauma How to Approach ? History In case of non traumatic chest pain Pain-Quality, Location and radiation, Pattern(onset and duration) , Provocative and alleviating factors ,associated symptoms.  Quality of pain Pressure or tightness - MI(some patients may deny any pai

Definition : Occupational respiratory disorders are disorders which a person gets due to his/her work. Pneumoconioses  are a group of lung diseases occurring out of the specific occupation, caused by inhalation of insoluble dust, over a prolonged period of exposure. characterics: fibrosis of the lung parenchyma followed by its complications. It is usually progressive and permanent, Clinical Features: persistent cough progressive breathlessness gradually cripples the person by reducing the working capacity due to fibrosis of the lungs complications tuberculosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale and even carcinoma in some cases. There is no treatment or cure for pneumoconioses. Prevention is the only intervention. Therefore, it is essential to prevent these diseases from arising. Factors influencing pneumoconioses are: •Concentration of the dust in the air: Higher the concentration, greater th

What is dyspnoea?  Definition Dyspnoea can be defined as the shortness of breath. Common causes of shortness of breath Airway obstruction Asthma  COPD  Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary oedema  Pneumothorax   Pneumonia   Pleural effusion Breathlessness with chest pain  •  Myocardial ischaemia + pulmonary oedema  •  Pulmonary embolus  •  Pneumothorax  •  Pleurisy (infection)  Breathlessness+Crackles  •  Pulmonary oedema  •  Infection   Breathlessness+Haemoptysis  •  Pulmonary embolus  •  Pneumonia  •  Pulmonary haemorrhage  Breathlessness+Wheeze •Ashthma •COPD •Pulmonary oedema Breathlessness +Cough  •  Pneumonia  •  Pulmonary oedema  •  Asthma/COPD  Breathlessness+No abnormal cardiorespiratory signs  •  Pulmonary embolus  •  Anaemia  •  Metabolic acidosis  •  Anaphylaxis  •  Septicaemia  •  Asthma  •  COPD  •  Pulmonary oedema  •  Fibrosis Dyspnoea can be dangerous if  Any signs of heart failur

To the students who are ready to enter in final year, here are some tips to master your final year :  1. Master your clinical skills 2.Make notes for both practical and theory.  3.Pre-read the topic if you are going to attend a lecture and try to study the topic same day it is taught.  4.Group study covers a wide range of topics.  5.Notes should be consize, in form of tables and flow chart.  6.Solve previous papers. Mark important topics as most of the questions are repeated.  7.Fix time for every subject.  8.Have a sound knowledge of 1st and 2nd year subjects.  9.Don't make random changes to your pattern of study.  10.Do frequent revision.  11.Speak to your seniors.  12.Take small breaks and have faith!